MTD 248-645A User Manual

Linux From ScratchVersion 7.0Created by Gerard BeekmansEdited by Matthew Burgess and Bruce Dubbs

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xThe default 64-bit build that results from LFS is considered a "pure" 64-bit system. That is, it su

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.080The installation needs to be faked, so that the package thinks that it is installed in /usr though in reality it is

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.081This approach is used by most of the package managers found in the commercial distributions. Examples

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.082Notice that /tools/bin comes last in the PATH. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be used onceits final

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0836.5.1. FHS Compliance NoteThe directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) (available at http:

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.084Create the /etc/group file by running the following command:cat > /etc/group << "EOF"root:x:0:bin

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0856.7. Linux-3.1 API HeadersThe Linux API Headers (in linux-3.1.tar.gz) expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0866.8. Man-pages-3.35The Man-pages package contains over 1,900 man pages.Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBURequ

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0876.9. Glibc-2.14.1The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocat

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.088The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc outside of the source directory in a dedicated build directory:mkd

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.089Though it is a harmless message, the install stage of Glibc will complain about the absence of /etc/ld.so.conf.Preve

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xiLSB Desktop: ATK, Cairo, Desktop-file-utils, Freetype, Fontconfig, Glib2, GTK+2, Icon-naming-utils, Libjpeg,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.090Create a new file /etc/nsswitch.conf by running the following:cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"#

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.091Create a new file /etc/ld.so.conf by running the following:cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"# Begin

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.092ldd Reports which shared libraries are required by each given program or shared librarylddlibc4 Assists ldd with obj

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.093libnsl The network services librarylibnss The Name Service Switch libraries, containing functions for resolving host

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0946.10. Re-adjusting the ToolchainNow that the final C libraries have been installed, it is time to adjust the toolcha

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.095This command should return successfully with the following output:#include <...> search starts here: /usr/incl

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0966.11. Zlib-1.2.5The Zlib package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.Approximate b

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0976.12. File-5.09The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.Approximate bui

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0986.13. Binutils-2.21.1aThe Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object file

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.099$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias) would be used if the system was used to cross-compile (forexample, compil

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xiiThis package contains a number of essential programs for viewing and manipulating files and directories. Theseprogr

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0100size Lists the section sizes and the total size for the given object filesstrings Outputs, for each given file, the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01016.14. GMP-5.0.2The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful functions for arbitrary precision arithme

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0102If desired, install the documentation:mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gmp-5.0.2cp -v doc/{isa_abi_headache,configuration

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01036.15. MPFR-3.1.0The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision math.Approximate build time: 1.1 SBURequ

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01046.16. MPC-0.9The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precisi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01056.17. GCC-4.6.1The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.Approxi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0106ImportantIn this section, the test suite for GCC is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.One

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0107If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be:/usr/lib/

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0108Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.logIf everything is

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0109libmudflap Contains routines that support GCC's bounds checking functionalitylibssp Contains routines supporti

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xiiiThis package contains programs for searching through files. These programs are used by most packages' buildsc

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01106.18. Sed-4.2.1The Sed package contains a stream editor.Approximate build time: 0.2 SBURequired disk space: 8.3 MB6

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01116.19. Bzip2-1.0.6The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text file

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0112Short Descriptionsbunzip2 Decompresses bzipped filesbzcat Decompresses to standard outputbzcmp Runs cmp on bzipped

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01136.20. Ncurses-5.9The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens.Appr

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0114If desired, install the Ncurses documentation:mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/ncurses-5.9cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/do

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0115libform Contains functions to implement formslibmenu Contains functions to implement menuslibpanel Contains functio

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01166.21. Util-linux-2.20The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for h

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0117Short Descriptionsaddpart Informs the Linux kernel of new partitionsagetty Opens a tty port, prompts for a login na

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0118ipcmk Creates various IPC resourcesipcrm Removes the given Inter-Process Communication (IPC) resourceipcs Provides

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0119sfdisk A disk partition table manipulatorswaplabel Allows to change swaparea UUID and labelswapoff Disables devices

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xiv• Man-pagesThis package contains the actual contents of the basic Linux man pages.• Module-Init-ToolsThis package c

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01206.22. E2fsprogs-1.41.14The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the ext2 file system. It also supp

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0121Install the static libraries and headers:make install-libsMake the installed static libraries writable so debugging

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0122e2undo Replays the undo log undo_log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem found on a device. This canbe used to undo a

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01236.23. Coreutils-8.14The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0124Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can compile and run the tests:chown -Rv nobody . Now run the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0125chmod Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode can be either a symbolicrepr

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0126ls Lists the contents of each given directorymd5sum Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksumsmkdir Creates

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0127split Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of linesstat Displays file or filesystem statusstdbuf

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01286.24. Iana-Etc-2.30The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and protocols.Approximate build time: le

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01296.25. M4-1.4.16The M4 package contains a macro processor.Approximate build time: 0.4 SBURequired disk space: 14.2 M

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xvThis package provides the init program, which is the parent of all other processes on the Linux system.• TarThis pac

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01306.26. Bison-2.5The Bison package contains a parser generator.Approximate build time: 1.1 SBURequired disk space: 19

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01316.27. Procps-3.2.8The Procps package contains programs for monitoring processes.Approximate build time: 0.1 SBURequ

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0132tload Prints a graph of the current system load averagetop Displays a list of the most CPU intensive processes; it

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01336.28. Grep-2.9The Grep package contains programs for searching through files.Approximate build time: 0.4 SBURequire

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01346.29. Readline-6.2The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilit

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01356.29.2. Contents of ReadlineInstalled libraries: libhistory.{a,so}, and libreadline.{a,so}Installed directories: /u

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01366.30. Bash-4.2The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.Approximate build time: 1.4 SBURequired disk space:

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01376.30.2. Contents of BashInstalled programs: bash, bashbug, and sh (link to bash)Installed directory: /usr/share/doc

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01386.31. Libtool-2.4The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of us

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01396.32. GDBM-1.9.1The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. This is a disk file format database which store

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xvi• The Linux Users' Guide http://www.linuxhq.com/guides/LUG/guide.htmlThis guide covers the usage of assorted L

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01406.33. Inetutils-1.8The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.Approximate build time: 0.4 SBURequ

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01416.33.2. Contents of InetutilsInstalled programs: ftp, hostname, ping, ping6, rcp, rexec, rlogin, rsh, talk, telnet,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01426.34. Perl-5.14.2The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.Approximate build time: 7.6

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0143Install the package:make install6.34.2. Contents of PerlInstalled programs: a2p, c2ph, config_data, corelist, c

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0144piconv A Perl version of the character encoding converter iconvpl2pm A rough tool for converting Perl4 .pl files to

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01456.35. Autoconf-2.68The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically config

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01466.36. Automake-1.11.1The Automake package contains programs for generating Makefiles for use with Autoconf.Approxim

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0147elisp-comp Byte-compiles Emacs Lisp codeinstall-sh A script that installs a program, script, or data filemdate-sh A

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01486.37. Diffutils-3.2The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories.A

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01496.38. Gawk-4.0.0The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.Approximate build time: 0.2 SBURequi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xviiNote that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build an LFS system using the instructions contained within

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01506.39. Findutils-4.4.2The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursiv

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0151locate Searches through a database of file names and reports the names that contain a given string or matcha given

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01526.40. Flex-2.5.35The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text.Approx

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01536.40.2. Contents of FlexInstalled programs: flex and lexInstalled libraries: libfl.a and libfl_pic.aShort Descripti

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01546.41. Gettext-0.18.1.1The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0155msgattrib Filters the messages of a translation catalog according to their attributes andmanipulates the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01566.42. Groff-1.21The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text.Approximate build time: 0.4

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0157gdiffmk Marks differences between groff/nroff/troff filesgeqn A link to eqngrap2graph Converts a grap diagram into

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0158roff2dvi Transforms roff files into DVI formatroff2html Transforms roff files into HTML formatroff2pdf Transforms r

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01596.43. GRUB-1.99The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader.Approximate build time: 0.6 SBURequired disk

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xviiiTo see whether your host system has all the appropriate versions, and the ability to compile programs, run thef

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0160grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 Generates an encrypted PBKDF2 password for use in the boot menugrub-mkrelpath Makes a system p

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01616.44. Gzip-1.4The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.Approximate build time: le

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0162zless Runs less on gzipped fileszmore Runs more on gzipped filesznew Re-compresses files from compress format to gz

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01636.45. IPRoute2-2.6.39The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced IPV4-based networking.Approximat

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0164ip addr allows users to look at addresses and their properties, add new addresses, and delete old onesip neighbor a

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01656.46. Kbd-1.15.2The Kbd package contains key-table files and keyboard utilities.Approximate build time: less than 0

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01666.46.2. Contents of KbdInstalled programs: chvt, deallocvt, dumpkeys, fgconsole, getkeycodes, kbd_mode, kbdra

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01676.47. Less-444The Less package contains a text file viewer.Approximate build time: less than 0.1 SBURequired disk s

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01686.48. Libpipeline-1.2.0The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a f

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01696.49. Make-3.82The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.Approximate build time: 0.3 SBURequired d

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xixTypographyTo make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. Thi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01706.50. Xz-5.0.3The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities fo

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0171unlzma Decompresses files using the LZMA formatunxz Decompresses files using the XZ formatxz Compresses or decompre

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01726.51. Man-DB-2.6.0.2The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages.Approximate build time:

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0173Table 6.1. Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pagesLanguage (code) Encoding Language (code) Encodin

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0174apropos Searches the whatis database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain agiven str

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01756.52. Module-Init-Tools-3.16The Module-Init-Tools package contains programs for handling kernel modules in Linux ke

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0176insmod.static A statically compiled version of insmodlsmod Lists currently loaded modulesmodinfo Examines an object

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01776.53. Patch-2.6.1The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a “patch” file ty

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01786.54. Psmisc-22.14The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying information about running processes.Approxima

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01796.55. Shadow-4.1.4.3The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.Approximate build t

Linux From Scratch: Version 7.0by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Matthew Burgess and Bruce DubbsCopyright © 1999-2011 Gerard BeekmansCopyrig

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0xxpasswd will print the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01806.55.2. Configuring ShadowThis package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and groups; set and chan

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0181Short Descriptionschage Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory password changeschfn Used to c

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01826.56. Sysklogd-1.5The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the ke

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01836.57. Sysvinit-2.88dsfThe Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0184last Shows which users last logged in (and out), searching back through the /var/log/wtmp file;it also shows system

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01856.58. Tar-1.26The Tar package contains an archiving program.Approximate build time: 1.9 SBURequired disk space: 21.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01866.59. Texinfo-4.13aThe Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.Approximat

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0187infokey Compiles a source file containing Info customizations into a binary formatinstall-info Used to install info

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01886.60. Udev-173The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes.Approximate build time: 0.2 S

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0189Install the package:make installRemove an empty documentation directory:rmdir -v /usr/share/doc/udevNow install the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0Part I. Introduction

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0190write_net_rules A script which generates rules to provide stable names for network interfaces (seealso Section 7.2,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01916.61. Vim-7.3The Vim package contains a powerful text editor.Approximate build time: 1.0 SBURequired disk space: 87

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0192By default, Vim's documentation is installed in /usr/share/vim. The following symlink allows thedo

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0193NoteBy default, Vim only installs spell files for the English language. To install spell files for your preferredla

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01946.62. About Debugging SymbolsMost programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with debugging symbols included

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.01956.64. Cleaning UpFrom now on, when reentering the chroot environment after exiting, use the following modified chro

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0196Chapter 7. Setting Up System Bootscripts7.1. IntroductionThis chapter discusses configuration files and boot script

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0197With Udev and modular network drivers, the network interface numbering is not persistent across reboots by default,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0198The following command creates a sample file for the eth0 device with a static IP address:cd /etc/sysconfig/cat >

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0199The domain statement can be omitted or replaced with a search statement. See the man page for resolv.conf formore d

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02Chapter 1. Introduction1.1. How to Build an LFS SystemThe LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linu

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0200If a network card is not going to be configured, create the /etc/hosts file by running:cat > /etc/hosts <<

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02017.4.2.2. Udev BootscriptsThe /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev initscript takes care of creating device nodes when Linux is boo

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02027.4.3. Problems with Loading Modules and Creating DevicesThere are a few possible problems when it comes to automat

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02037.4.3.5. Udev rule works unreliablyThis may be another manifestation of the previous problem. If not, and your rule

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0204There are advantages to each approach; the correct approach to use will depend on what kinds of device changes mayh

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0205For each of your devices that is likely to have this problem (even if the problem doesn't exist in your curren

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02067.6. LFS-Bootscripts-20111017The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to start/stop the LFS system at

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0207static Provides the functionality needed to assign a static Internet Protocol (IP) address to a networkinterfaceswa

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02087.7. How Do These Bootscripts Work?Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is based on a concept

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02097.7.1. Configuring SysvinitDuring the kernel initialization, the first program that is run is either specified on t

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.03NoteA somewhat major change was made in this version of the book by adding a new top level directory, /run. This dire

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02107.7.2. Changing Run LevelsChanging run-levels is done with init <runlevel>, where <runlevel> is the tar

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0211<lfs> needs to be replaced with the name given to the computer. Do not enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name(

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0212The console and consolelog scripts read the /etc/sysconfig/console file for configuration information.Deci

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0213• As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a stock keymap slightly. The following example addsthe Eu

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0214• The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion from ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keysin Unicod

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0215rc.site also contains parameters that can customize other aspects of the boot process. Setting the IPROMPTvariable

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0216#LOGLEVEL=5# For network#HOSTNAME=mylfs# Delay between TERM and KILL signals at shutdown#KILLDELAY=3# Optional sysk

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0217The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running the following command:locale -aCharmaps can h

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0218Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the /etc/profile file:cat > /etc/profile << &

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0219Below is a generic global inputrc along with comments to explain what the various options do. Note that commentscan

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.04• Udev 173• Util-Linux 2.20• XZ-Utils 5.0.3Added:• bash-4.2-fixes-3.patch• coreutils-8.14-i18n-1.patch• gcc-4.6.1-cro

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0220Chapter 8. Making the LFS System Bootable8.1. IntroductionIt is time to make the LFS system bootable. This chapter

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0221NoteIn the latter case, the kernel emits the following message:FAT: utf8 is not a recommended IO charset for FAT fi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02228.3. Linux-3.1The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.Approximate build time: 1.0 - 5.0 SBURequired disk space:

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0223After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are required to complete the installation. Some files need t

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0224Create a new file /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf by running the following:install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.dcat > /et

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.02258.4. Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process8.4.1. IntroductionWarningConfiguring GRUB incorrectly can render your sy

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0226WarningThe following command will overwrite the current boot loader. Do not run the command if this is notdesired,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0227Chapter 9. The End9.1. The EndWell done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0228If multiple partitions were created, unmount the other partitions before unmounting the main one, like this:umount

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0229• The Linux Documentation ProjectThe goal of The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) is to collaborate on all of the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.05• 2011-10-20• [bdubbs] - Spell out the fact that the linux kernel headers are located in the linux kernel tarball.• 2

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0Part IV. Appendices

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0231Appendix A. Acronyms and TermsABI Application Binary InterfaceALFS Automated Linux From ScratchALSA Advanced Linux

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0232HTML Hypertext Markup LanguageIDE Integrated Drive ElectronicsIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0233TLDP The Linux Documentation ProjectTFTP Trivial File Transfer ProtocolTLS Thread-Local StorageUID User Identifieru

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0234Appendix B. AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0235• Scarlet Belgium – lfs.scarlet.be mirror• Sebastian Faulborn <[email protected]> – lfs.aliensoft.org mirror

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0236• Alexander E. Patrakov <[email protected]> – LFS Technical Writer, LFS InternationalizationEdit

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0237Appendix C. DependenciesEvery package built in LFS relies on one or more other packages in order to build and insta

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0238BisonInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, and SedTest suite dep

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0239FileInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and ZlibTest

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.06• [matthew] - Upgrade to Perl-5.14.2. Fixes #2933.• [matthew] - Upgrade to File-5.09. Fixes #2932.• [matthew] - Upgra

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0240GlibcInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Grep, Gzip, Linux

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0241Iana-EtcInstallation depends on: Coreutils, Gawk, and MakeTest suite depends on: No test suite availableMust be ins

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0242Linux KernelInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Findutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Make,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0243MPFRInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, Sed andTexinf

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0244SedInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and TexinfoTest suite

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0245UdevInstallation depends on: Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, and SedTest suite

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0246Appendix D. Boot and sysconfig scriptsversion-20111017The scripts in this appendix are listed by the direc

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0247 if [ ! -x ${i} ]; then log_warning_msg "${i} is not executable, skipping." continue fi}fun

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0248previous=${PREVLEVEL}[ "${previous}" = "" ] && previous=Nif [ ! -d /etc/rc.d/rc${runlev

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0249if [ "$runlevel" == "6" ] && [ -n "${FASTBOOT}" ]; then touch /fastbootfi#

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.07• [bdubbs] - Fix bootscripts to properly export IN_BOOT variable.• 2011-09-01• [bdubbs] - Adjust minimum kernel for t

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0250# Notes : With code based on Matthias Benkmann's simpleinit-msb# http://winterdrache.de/li

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0251# Usage: start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args...] ##

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0252 # Execute if [ -z "${force}" ]; then if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # De

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0253# pathname, pathname to the specified program ## signal, send this signal

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0254 # Check for a valid signal check_signal "${signal}" if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ];

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0255 # Perform different actions for exit signals and control signals check_sig_type "${signal}" if

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0256 if [ -e "${pidfile}" ]; then rm -f "${pidfile}" 2> /dev/null; fi fi #

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0257 esac done # If a PID file is not specified, try and find one. if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; th

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0258# Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof ## pathname, path to the spe

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0259}################################################################################# timespec()

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.08• 2011-07-08• [bdubbs] - Update location of POSIX Standard.• 2011-07-01• [bdubbs] - Update to gawk-4.0.0. Fixes #2900

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0260log_failure_msg(){ echo -n -e "${@}" echo -e "${SET_COL}${BRACKET}[${FAILURE} FAIL ${BRACKET}]

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0261{ echo -n -e "${@}" echo -n -e "${@}" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0}###################

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0262 fi}################################################################################# check_sig_type()

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0263## Authors : Gerard Beekmans - [email protected]# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs@linuxfromscratch

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0264CURS_UP="\\033[1A\\033[0G" # Up one line, at the 0'th char## Set color commands, used via $ECHO# P

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0265 STRING_LENGTH=$((${#1} + 1)) # Print the message to the screen ${ECHO} ${ECHOPARM} -e "${2}${1}"

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0266{ # Wait for the user by default [ "${HEADLESS=0}" = "0" ] && read ENTER}evaluate_r

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0267 # be called echo_warning ;; esac ;; failure) e

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0268 fi if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then for pid in ${pidlist} do kill -"${RELOADSIG}&

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0269 else pidofproc -s -p "${pidfile}" "${1}" fi # Store the return status ret=$? if

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.09• [matthew] - Upgrade to Bison-2.5. Fixes #2875.• 2011-05-15• [matthew] - Upgrade to Grep-2.8. Fixes #2872.• [matthew

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0270 while true do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0271 echo "${pidlist}" fi # Get provide correct running status if [ -n "${pidlist

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0272 forcestart="1" shift 1 ;; -n) nicelevel="${2}&q

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0273#*******************************************************************************# Function - killproc [-p pidfile]

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0274 # Is the process running? if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then pidofproc -s "${1}" else

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0275 fi ;; *) # Just see if the kill returned successfully evaluate_retval ;; esac else

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0276 return 0}#*******************************************************************************# Function - log_warnin

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0277## Description : Mount proc, sysfs, and run## Authors : Gerard Beekmans - [email protected]#

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0278# End mountvirtfsD.5. /etc/rc.d/init.d/consolelog#!/bin/sh#########################################################

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0279 esac ;; status) # Read the current value if possible if [ -r /proc/sys/kernel/printk ]

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0iiiTable of ContentsPreface ...

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.010• [bdubbs] - Rewrote General Compilation Instructions using better docbook structures and clarified a couple ofpoint

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0280# Assure that the kernel has module support.[ -e /proc/ksyms -o -e /proc/modules ] || exit 0. /lib/lsb/init-functio

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0281D.7. /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev#!/bin/sh######################################################################### Begin

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0282 log_failure_msg2 msg="FAILURE:\n\nCannot mount a tmpfs " msg="${msg}onto /d

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0283## Version : LFS 7.0############################################################################ BEGIN INIT INF

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0284D.9. /etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock#!/bin/sh######################################################################### Be

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0285 hwclock --systohc ${CLOCKPARAMS} >/dev/null evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0}

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0286case "${1}" in start) if [ -f /fastboot ]; then msg="/fastboot found, will omit "

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0287 msg="${msg}were found and have been been " msg="${msg}corrected, but the nature of

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0288# DJ Lucas - [email protected]# Update : Bruce Dubbs - [email protected]## Versi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0289 evaluate_retval exit 0 ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}" exit 1 ;;es

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0111.4.4. Mirror SitesThe LFS project has a number of world-wide mirrors to make accessing the website and downloading

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0290# Default-Start: S# Default-Stop:# Short-Description: Cleans temporary directories early in the boot proces

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0291 chown ${usr}:${grp} "${name}" chmod ${perm} "${name}" fi done # Close

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0292# DJ Lucas - [email protected]# Update : Bruce Dubbs - [email protected]## Versi

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0293 ! is_true "${use_fb}" || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || MODE_COMMAND="${MODE_COMMAND} &

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0294# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - [email protected]# DJ Lucas - [email protected]# U

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0295 ;;esacexit 0# End localnetD.16. /etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl#!/bin/sh#############################################

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0296 exit 1 ;;esacexit 0# End sysctlD.17. /etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd#!/bin/sh#################################

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0297 log_info_msg "Stopping system log daemon..." killproc /sbin/syslogd evaluate_retval

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0298# Required-Stop: $local_fs swap localnet# Should-Stop: $syslog# Default-Start: 3 4 5# Default-S

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0299 exit 1 ;;esacexit 0# End networkD.19. /etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals#!/bin/sh#############################

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0121.5.3. Compilation ProblemsBoth the screen output and the contents of various files are useful in determining the ca

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0300 sleep ${KILLDELAY} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0301 ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}" exit 1 ;;esac# End rebootD.21. /etc/rc.d/init.d/ha

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0302######################################################################### Begin scriptname## Description :## Author

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0303D.23. /etc/sysconfig/rc######################################################################### Begin /etc/sysconf

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0304# <filename> <type> <permissions> <user> <group># if type is equal t

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0305 *) break ;; esacdoneif [ -n "$help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo &qu

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0306 ip link set ${IFACE} up fi fi else log_warning_msg "\nInterface

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0307 *) break ;; esacdoneif [ -n "$help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo &qu

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0308 log_info_msg "Bringing down the ${IFACE} interface..." ip link set ${IFACE} down

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0309 log_info_msg2 "\n" # Terminate the previous message log_info_msg "Adding IPv4 addre

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0Part II. Preparing for the Build

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0310## Version : LFS 7.0#########################################################################. /lib/lsb/init-fu

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0311fiif [ -n "${SOURCE}" ]; then args="${args} src ${SOURCE}"ficase "${2}" in u

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0312Appendix E. Udev configuration rulesThe rules from udev-config-20100128.tar.bz2 in this appendix are listed for con

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0313Appendix F. LFS LicensesThis book is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 L

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0314g. "License Elements" means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor and indic

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0315or publicly digitally perform the Derivative Work with any technological measures that control access or useof the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0316UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOROFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAK

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0317ImportantCreative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection withthe Wo

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0318IndexPackagesAutoconf: 145Automake: 146Bash: 136tools: 57Binutils: 98tools, pass 1: 35tools, pass 2: 44Bison: 130Bo

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0319Zlib: 96Programsa2p: 142, 143accessdb: 172, 173acinstall: 146, 146aclocal: 146, 146aclocal-1.11.1: 146, 146addftinf

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.014Chapter 2. Preparing a New Partition2.1. IntroductionIn this chapter, the partition which will host the LFS system i

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0320cpan: 142, 143cpan2dist: 142, 143cpanp: 142, 143cpanp-run-perl: 142, 143cpp: 105, 108create_floppy_devices: 188, 18

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0321getconf: 87, 91getent: 87, 91getkeycodes: 165, 166getopt: 116, 117gettext: 154, 154gettext.sh: 154, 154gettextize:

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0322lastlog: 179, 181ld: 98, 99ldattach: 116, 118ldconfig: 87, 91ldd: 87, 92lddlibc4: 87, 92less: 167, 167lessecho: 167

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0323msgfmt: 154, 155msggrep: 154, 155msginit: 154, 155msgmerge: 154, 155msgunfmt: 154, 155msguniq: 154, 155mtrace: 87,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0324pwunconv: 179, 181py-compile: 146, 147ranlib: 98, 99rcp: 140, 141readelf: 98, 99readlink: 123, 126readprofile: 116,

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0325switch_root: 116, 119symlink-tree: 146, 147sync: 123, 127sysctl: 131, 131syslogd: 182, 182tac: 123, 127tail: 123, 1

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0326xzcmp: 170, 171xzdec: 170, 171xzdiff: 170, 171xzegrep: 170, 171xzfgrep: 170, 171xzgrep: 170, 171xzless: 170, 171xzm

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0327libuuid: 116, 119liby.a: 130, 130libz: 96, 96preloadable_libintl: 154, 155Scriptscheckfs: 206, 206cleanfs: 206, 206

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.015Swapping is never good. Generally you can tell if a system is swapping by just listening to disk activity and observ

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.016NoteSome host distributions use custom features in their filesystem creation tools (E2fsprogs). This can causeproble

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.017If using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for / and another for /usr), mount them using:mkdir -pv $LFSmount -v

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.018Chapter 3. Packages and Patches3.1. IntroductionThis chapter includes a list of packages that need to be downloaded

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.019• Automake (1.11.1) - 1,042 KB:Home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/Download: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/auto

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0iv5.10. GCC-4.6.1 - Pass 2 ...

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.020• Expect (5.45) - 614 KB:Home page: http://expect.sourceforge.net/Download: http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expec

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.021• GMP (5.0.2) - 1,977 KB:Home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/Download: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-5.0.2.t

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.022• LFS-Bootscripts (20111017) - 32 KB:Download: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/7.0/lfs-bootscripts-201

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.023• MPC (0.9) - 553 KB:Home page: http://www.multiprecision.org/Download: http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/m

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.024• Sysklogd (1.5) - 85 KB:Home page: http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/Download: http://www.infodrom.org/proj

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.025• Zlib (1.2.5) - 532 KB:Home page: http://www.zlib.net/Download: http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.5.tar.bz2MD5 sum: be1e

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.026• GCC Locale Patch - 4 KB:Download: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.0/gcc-4.6.1-locale-1.patchMD5 sum:

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.027Chapter 4. Final Preparations4.1. About $LFSThroughout this book, the environment variable LFS will be used. It is p

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0284.3. Adding the LFS UserWhen logged in as user root, making a single mistake can damage or destroy a system. Therefo

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.029When logged on as user lfs, the initial shell is usually a login shell which reads the /etc/profile of the host(prob

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0v6.20. Ncurses-5.9 ...

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0304.5. About SBUsMany people would like to know beforehand approximately how long it takes to compile and install each

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.031NoteExperience has shown that there is little to be gained from running the test suites in Chapter 5. There canbe no

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.032Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System5.1. IntroductionThis chapter shows how to build a minimal Linux

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.033• The temporary libraries are cross-compiled. Because a cross-compiler by its nature cannot rely on anything fromits

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.034During the second pass of Binutils, we are able to utilize the --with-lib-path configure switch to control ld's

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0355.4. Binutils-2.21.1a - Pass 1The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling obj

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.036--disable-werrorThis prevents the build from stopping in the event that there are warnings from the host's comp

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0375.5. GCC-4.6.1 - Pass 1The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.038--disable-decimal-float, --disable-threads, --disable-libmudflap, --disable-libssp, --disable-libgomp, --disable-lib

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0395.6. Linux-3.1 API HeadersThe Linux API Headers (in linux-3.1.tar.gz) expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0vi7.2. General Network Configuration ...

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0405.7. Glibc-2.14.1The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocat

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.041--enable-kernel=2.6.25This tells Glibc to compile the library with support for 2.6.25 and later Linux kernels. Worka

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0425.8. Adjusting the ToolchainNow that the temporary C libraries have been installed, all tools compiled in the rest o

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.043NoteBuilding Binutils in the next section will serve as an additional check that the toolchain has been builtproperl

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0445.9. Binutils-2.21.1a - Pass 2The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling obj

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.045The value of this variable specifies the linker's default library search path. This preparation is used in the

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0465.10. GCC-4.6.1 - Pass 2The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.047In case the above seems hard to follow, let's break it down a bit. First we find all the files under the gcc/co

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.048The meaning of the new configure options:--enable-clocale=gnuThis option ensures the correct locale model is selecte

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.049CautionAt this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the basic functions (compiling and linking) of the ne

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0viiD.20. /etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot ...

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0505.11. Tcl-8.5.10The Tcl package contains the Tool Command Language.Approximate build time: 0.3 SBURequired disk spac

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.051Short Descriptionstclsh8.5 The Tcl command shelltclsh A link to tclsh8.5libtcl8.5.so The Tcl librarylibtclstub8.5.a

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0525.12. Expect-5.45The Expect package contains a program for carrying out scripted dialogues with other interactive pr

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.053Short Descriptionsexpect Communicates with other interactive programs according to a scriptlibexpect-5.45.a Contains

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0545.13. DejaGNU-1.5The DejaGNU package contains a framework for testing other programs.Approximate build time: less th

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0555.14. Check-0.9.8Check is a unit testing framework for C.Approximate build time: 0.1 SBURequired disk space: 4.8 MB5

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0565.15. Ncurses-5.9The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens.Appro

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0575.16. Bash-4.2The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.Approximate build time: 0.5 SBURequired disk space: 3

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0585.17. Bzip2-1.0.6The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text files

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0595.18. Coreutils-8.14The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristic

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0viiiPrefaceForewordMy journey to learn and better understand Linux began over a decade ago, back in 1998. I had just i

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0605.19. Diffutils-3.2The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories.Ap

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0615.20. File-5.09The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.Approximate bui

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0625.21. Findutils-4.4.2The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursive

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0635.22. Gawk-4.0.0The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.Approximate build time: 0.2 SBURequir

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0645.23. Gettext-0.18.1.1The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0655.24. Grep-2.9The Grep package contains programs for searching through files.Approximate build time: 0.2 SBURequired

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0665.25. Gzip-1.4The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.Approximate build time: les

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0675.26. M4-1.4.16The M4 package contains a macro processor.Approximate build time: 0.2 SBURequired disk space: 11.6 MB

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0685.27. Make-3.82The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.Approximate build time: 0.1 SBURequired di

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0695.28. Patch-2.6.1The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a “patch” file typ

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0ixOne important reason for this project's existence is to help you learn how a Linux system works from the inside

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0705.29. Perl-5.14.2The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.Approximate build time: 1.8

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0715.30. Sed-4.2.1The Sed package contains a stream editor.Approximate build time: 0.1 SBURequired disk space: 8.0 MB5.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0725.31. Tar-1.26The Tar package contains an archiving program.Approximate build time: 0.3 SBURequired disk space: 20.9

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0735.32. Texinfo-4.13aThe Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.Approximate

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0745.33. Xz-5.0.3The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities for

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0755.34. StrippingThe steps in this section are optional, but if the LFS partition is rather small, it is beneficial to

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0Part III. Building the LFS System

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.077Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software6.1. IntroductionIn this chapter, we enter the building site and start co

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0786.2.1. Creating Initial Device NodesWhen the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of a few device nodes

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.0796.3.1. Upgrade IssuesA Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions when they are released. Generally